Intro
What information is on this site, why it matters (1-2 paragraphs)
Power Maps
What information is on this site, why it matters (1-2 paragraphs)
Interactive Map of Mississippi Senate Districts
| District | Senator |
|---|---|
| 28001 | Michael McLendon |
| 28002 | David L. Parker (R) |
| 28003 | Kathy Chism (R) |
| 28004 | Rita Potts Parks (R) |
| 28005 | Daniel Sparks (R) |
| 28006 | Chad McMahan (R) |
| 28007 | Hob Bryan (D) |
| 28008 | Benjamin Suber (R) |
| 28009 | Nicole Boyd (R) |
| 28010 | Neil Whaley (R) |
| 28011 | Reginald Jackson (D) |
| 28012 | Derrick Simmons (D) |
| 28013 | Sarita Simmons (D) |
| 28014 | Lydia Graves Chassaniol (R) |
| 28015 | Bart Williams (R) |
| 28016 | Angela Turner-Ford (D) |
| 28017 | Charles Younger (R) |
| 28018 | Jenifer Branning (D) |
| 28019 | Kevin Blackwell (R) |
| 28020 | Josh Harkins (R) |
| 28021 | Bradford Blackmon (D) |
| 28022 | Joseph Thomas (D) |
| 28023 | Briggs Hopson (R) |
| 28024 | David Jordan (D) |
| 28025 | Walter Michel (R) |
| 28026 | John Horhn (D) |
| 28027 | Hillman Frazier (D) |
| 28028 | Sollie B. Norwood (D) |
| 28029 | David Blount (D) |
| 28030 | Dean Kirby (R) |
| 28031 | Tyler McCaughn |
| 28032 | Rod Hickman (D) |
| 28033 | Jeff Tate (R) |
| 28034 | Juan Barnett (D) |
| 28035 | Andy Berry (R) |
| 28036 | Brian Rhodes (R) |
| 28037 | Albert Butler (D) |
| 28038 | Gary Brumfield (D) |
| 28039 | Jason Barrett (R) |
| 28040 | (No data) |
| 28041 | Joey Fillingane (R) |
| 28042 | Robin Robinson (R) |
| 28043 | Dennis DeBar (R) |
| 28044 | John Polk (R) |
| 28045 | Chris Johnson (R) |
| 28046 | Philman Ladner (R) |
| 28047 | Joseph Seymour (R) |
| 28048 | Mike Thompson (R) |
| 28049 | Joel Carter (R) |
| 28050 | Scott DeLano (R) |
| 28051 | Jeremy England |
| 28052 | Brice Wiggins (R) |
Public Players
Federal Politicians
 Rocker WickerU.S. Senator (R-MS) Roger Wicker has been in Mississippi politics since 2007, serving as a State Senator, public defender, and congressional staffer after previously serving in the U.S. Air Force. Wicker has supported the American Legislative Exchange Council’s model bills and is an alumni member of the organization. He has been a key figure in the climate denial movement, funded by oil giants such as ExxonMobil. As a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Wicker has been an advocate of expanding the U.S. military-industrial complex, seeking to expand the Department of Defense’s budget; escalate military confrontation with Russia, Iran, and China; increase arms shipments to Israel and Ukraine; increase U.S. Air Force capabilities; and defend the “peace through strength” strategy outlined in Project 2025, in preparation for Trump’s second presidential term. Wicker is one of the most pro-Israel members of Congress, sponsoring more than 30 pieces of pro-Israel legislation since 2018, supporting the Israel lobby on key issues such as opposition to the Iran nuclear deal, sanctioning the Boycott Divestment Sanctions (BDS) movement, withholding aid to Gaza and relocating the funds to arm Israel instead, among other key issues. He has received more than $700,000 from the Israel lobby since his election to the Senate, with the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) being his single largest campaign contributor. Wicker has also received more than $800,000 since 2018 from the largest U.S. military contractors, including Lockheed Martin, General Atomics, and RTX Corporation. Wicker frequently meets with lobbying firms representing military contractors and law firms with an Israeli or Middle Eastern practice. One of his largest campaign donors is the lobbying firm BGR Group, led by Mississippi governor Haley Barbour and advised by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. Read the full profile here. |
 Cindy Hyde-SmithU.S. Senator (R-MS) Cindy Hyde-Smith is a U.S. Senator from Brookhaven, Mississippi, with a background in cattle farming and agriculture, and a history of racial controversy: she attended an all-white private high school set up to bypass integration laws, she has been photographed with Confederate symbols, and in a 2018 Senate campaign event, she drew intense criticism for a racist remark made to praise a cattle rancher. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, Hyde-Smith served in the Mississippi State Senate for twelve years. While elected as a Democrat, she later switched party affiliations, becoming a Republican and a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC). She is currently named as an “ALEC alumni.” In 2008, in the state legislature, she co-sponsored one pro-Israel bill. Since 2018, Hyde-Smith has received more than 150,000 USD in campaign contributions from three major pro-Israel groups: NORPAC, the America Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), and the Republican Jewish Coalition. She has also received more than 300,000 USD in campaign contributions from military contractors since 2018, as well as significant donations from smaller pro-Israel groups and lobbying firms such as Haley Barbour’s BGR Group. Since elected in 2018, she has co-sponsored more than 25 pro-Israel bills in the U.S. Senate, many of which coincide with NORPAC, AIPAC, or the Republican Jewish Coalition’s legislative agendas — for instance, curtailing any nuclear deal with Iran, sanctioning the Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement, and moving the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem, among other issues. As disclosed in the U.S. Senate’s lobbying disclosure portal, Hyde-Smith also frequently meets with arms manufacturers, their lobbyists, law firms with interests in Israel, and other companies with business interests in Israel. Read the full profile here. |
 John Trent KellyU.S. House of Representatives (R-MS 1st District) John Trent Kelly has represented Mississippi’s first district in Congress since 2015. He has also served in the Mississippi Army National Guard since 1986, and was deployed to the first and second Gulf Wars, characterized by staggering U.S. violations of international law and excessive amounts of Iraqi civilian deaths. As a member of the military, a member of the House Armed Services Committee and a dedicated conservative, Kelly’s bill sponsorship has been marked by attempts to extend U.S. military presence abroad, hinder abortion and sexual reproductive rights, and oppose government spending in areas such as student loan forgiveness and climate change mitigation, among other issues. Kelly has also had a strong relationship with the Israel lobby since his first years in Congress. In 2017, he took a trip to Israel sponsored by the American Israel Public Affairs Council (AIPAC)-affiliated American Israel Education Foundation and, since 2019, he has received more than 60,000 USD from AIPAC in the form of campaign contributions and lobbying combined. Since his first election in 2015, the industries from which Kelly has received the most campaign contributions are crop production and processing and the defense and aerospace industries. Among donations received since 2018, Kelly’s second largest campaign donor is General Atomics, a manufacturer of drones and other arms currently being used by Israel. Kelly has sponsored at least 18 aggressively pro-Israel bills in the U.S. House of Representatives, which range from sanctioning federal officials that attempt to halt the delivery of arms to Israel, to approving grants to support Israel’s development of nuclear technology and seeking to abolish United Nations Read the full profile here. |
 Bennie Gordon ThompsonU.S. House of Representatives (D-MS 2nd District) Bennie Gordon Thompson has represented Mississippi’s second congressional district since 1993, and has been the only Democrat in the Mississippi delegation since 2011. Before that, Thompson held multiple positions in the state government of Mississippi, serving on the Board of Aldermen of Bolton City, as Mayor of Bolton City, and on the Hinds County Board of Supervisors. Although Thompson has been a supporter of progressive causes such as Medicare for All, affordable housing, and, especially, racial equity, since October of 2023, he has made multiple statements supporting Israel and has co-sponsored four resolutions expressing support for Israel. Before 2023, Thompson had largely abstained from positioning himself on the topic. In July 2024, he was also one of the 96 lawmakers that did not attend Benjamin Netanyahu’s address to Congress. Thompson’s campaigns have received significant financing from labor unions, including the Seafarers International Union, the Aerospace Workers Union, and the Laborers Union. Thompson does not stand out as a major recipient of contributions from the Israel lobby, but has received nearly 200,000 USD from military contractors since 2019. He has also met frequently with pro-Israel entities and received lobbying contributions from them, especially defense contractors such as Huntington Ingalls and Vista Outdoors. As a member of the Committee on Homeland Security, Thompson also meets frequently with private operators of immigration detention centers and manufacturers of screening systems, such as Rapsican Systems, a supplier to the government of Israel. Read the full profile here. |
 Michael Patrick GuestU.S. House of Representatives (R-MS 3rd District) Michael Patrick Guest represents Mississippi’s 3rd congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives, currently serving his fourth term. Before joining Congress, Guest served as Assistant District Attorney and District Attorney for Madison and Rankin counties, and was involved with multiple non-profits and initiatives cooperating with law enforcement in the state. Guest’s financial disclosure reports show that he owns stock in companies with business interests in Israel, namely Chevron and General Dynamics. Furthermore, despite being Chairman of the House Committee on Ethics, in 2021, he was fined for not disclosing his family trust’s trading of up to 30,000 USD in energy-related stocks. Guest has been endorsed by multiple conservative organizations, including the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). In 2022, he took a trip to Israel paid for by the AIPAC-affiliated American Israel Education Foundation, and he has received nearly 60,000 USD in campaign and lobbying contributions from AIPAC since 2019. Guest has also received more than 180,000 USD in campaign contributions from the largest U.S. military contractors, notably including Honeywell International, RTX, Boeing, and OSI Systems. In his relatively brief time in Congress, Guest has co-sponsored more than 40 pro-Israel bills, of which at least 9 have passed the House. These include a bill to impose sanctions on the International Criminal Court, on Hamas and Hezbollah, and on Iran and entities dealing with Iranian oil; multiple resolutions standing with Israel and affirming its “right to self-defense”; and a bill designating funds for Israel as emergency spending, which exempts it from spending limits. Read the full profile here. |
 Walter Michael EzellU.S. House of Representatives (R-MS 4th District) Walter Michael Ezell is a Republican who has been representing Mississippi’s fourth congressional district since 2023. Ezell spent the previous forty years as a law enforcement officer, working for the Ocean Springs and Pascagoula Police Departments in Mississippi and later as Sheriff of Jackson County, from 2014–22. Ezell drew public attention in May 2024 when he knocked down a Palestinian American activist’s phone while she recorded him and asked him questions about Israel’s assault on Palestine. The activist filed assault charges against Ezell. In his short time in Congress, Ezell has already sponsored 15 pro-Israel bills, mostly aimed at sanctioning Iran, but also affirming support for Israel, providing appropriations to support Israel’s war, and withholding funding to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), among other issues. Ezell’s support for Israel likely stems from the American Israel Public Affairs Committee’s (AIPAC) support: AIPAC has donated at least 15,000 USD to Ezell’s campaigns and has given him at least 10,000 USD through lobbying contributions. Chevron is another major donor to Ezell through campaign and lobbying contributions, having given at least 27,000 USD. Lobbying contribution reports also show that Ezell frequently meets with arms manufacturers that are currently providing Israel with weapons and military technology, including large companies such as Honeywell International, Rocket Lab USA, and Northrop Grumman, as well as less known companies such as Saildrone. Read the full profile here. |
State Politicians
 Jonathan Tate Reeves Governor of Mississippi Tate Reeves’ father, Terry Reeves, is an influential businessman in Mississippi who began the multi-million dollar ventilation and air conditioning company Climate Masters, Inc. and later on entered the real estate and construction industry. Terry Reeves was his son’s first campaign treasurer and biggest financier when the latter ran for State Treasurer. Through the connections his father provided, as well as the ones the younger Reeves built in the banking sector through the Charter Financial Analyst program and other professional experiences, Reeves has managed to out-raise his opponents for State Treasurer, Lieutenant Governor, and finally Governor in 2020. Reeves has been involved in multiple corruption scandals and controversies, the biggest of them being the misuse of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program funds while Reeves served as Lieutenant Governor. The funds were channeled through a nonprofit to wealthy individuals with personal connections to him or his family members such as NFL player Brett Favre and Reeves’ personal fitness trainer Paul Lacoste. In addition, Reeves caught public attention when several of his family’s businesses were selected to receive federal loans or loan forgiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, Reeves has also sparked controversy over his use of Mississippi’s tax dollars to renovate the Governors Mansion. Reeves’ campaigns have been heavily financed by the healthcare, real estate and construction, and banking industries, although he has also received large donations from other sectors such as hospitality, utilities, and transport. Large and frequent donors of Reeves have been found to receive significant government contracts and public policy concessions, as with the refusal to expand Medicaid coverage and instead increase Medicaid reimbursements to private hospitals. Reeves’ last campaign for governor in 2023 also saw a massive donation from the Republican Governors Association, where he serves on the Executive Committee. The uncritical support for Israel expressed by Reeves most likely responds to pressures within the Republican Party. However, Reeves has also forged relationships with prominent pro-Israel advocates that are also involved with the Read the full profile here. |
 Rep. Shane Aguirre (R-17): A member of the House of Representatives since 2016, Aguirre co-sponsored two aggressively pro-Israel bills: one, urging the federal government to relocate the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem, and the other, in 2024, extending the repeal date of the 2019 anti-BDS bill. Aguirre joined ALEC in 2018 and frequently meets with lobbyists from the MMA, Panola Partnership, JCEDF, Koch Government Affairs, and ALEC-affiliated groups, namely Empower MS and MCPP. |
 Rep. Lee Yancey (R-74): Yancey was a member of the Mississippi Senate from 2008-12 and became a state representative in 2020. As a senator, he co-sponsored SC653, a resolution recognizing the “special friendship” between Mississippi and Israel; in 2024, he sponsored a bill to remove the limit on the maximum amount of investments made by the state in bonds issued by Israel. Yancey joined ALEC in 2019 and is currently a state chair. Yancey has received donations for his campaigns from Northrop Grumman, the MMA, Koch Industries, and Empower PAC, among other pro-Israel groups. |
 Rep . Jerry R. Turner (R-18): Turner has been a member of the House since 2004 and has co-sponsored multiple bills in support of Israel: in 2013, he co-sponsored a resolution commending Israel’s mutually-beneficial relationship with Mississippi (HC1); in 2015, he co-sponsored the Iran Divestment Act, arguing that Iran represented a threat to Israel and the U.S.; and, in 2017, he co-sponsored a resolution urging the federal government to relocate the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem. According to the Center for Media and Democracy, Turner joined ALEC in 2016 and, since then, meets regularly with the MCPP, as well as with Koch Industry lobbyists. |
 Rep. Becky Currie (R-92): Currie has been a House representative since 2008. She co-sponsored one pro-Israel bill, in 2013. She has received financing from Koch Industries and Baker Donelson. Currie stands out for being ALEC’s Mississippi state chair in 2023 and being a member of the organization since at least 2018. |
 Sen. Chris Johnson (R-45): Johnson has been a senator in Mississippi since 2020. He has not sponsored any pro-Israel bills, but he joined ALEC the same year he became a senator and is currently ALEC’s state Chair. |
 Rep. Carolyn Crawford (R-121): Crawford has been a member of Mississippi’s House of Representatives since 2012. She co-sponsored HR1 in 2013. Besides meeting with Koch Industries, Chevron, the MMA and other industry chamber lobbyists, Crawford has met multiple times throughout the years with Empower MS and MCPP lobbyists, as well as attending ALEC events. According to the Center for Media and Democracy, Crawford has been a member of ALEC since 2012, forming part of the Education and Workforce Development Task Force. In 2024, this task force created a model bill (“Act to Prohibit Antisemitism in State K-20 Educational Institutions”) that equates criticism of Israel with antisemitism and aims to repress pro-Palestine activism in schools and universities. |
 Rep. Jody Steverson (R-4): Steverson has been a state representative since 2012 and a member of ALEC since at least 2018. In 2013, he co-sponsored House Resolution 1 (HR1) commending Israel’s relationship with Mississippi and, in 2017, he co-sponsored the resolution urging the federal government to relocate the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem. Steverson also frequently meets with industry chambers that represent arms manufacturers in Mississippi, such as the MMA, Panola Partnership, Inc., and the Jackson County Economic Development Foundation (JCEDF). |
 Sen. Briggs Hopson (R-23): Hopson has been a senator since 2008. Although he does not seem to have recent ties to ALEC – only attending a 2011 Annual Meeting, receiving a 1,000 “scholarship” in 2012, and meeting with MCPP lobbyists in 2015 – Hopson has been a recipient of large donations from pro-Israel corporate donors, especially Huntington Ingalls and Chevron. More notably, and although he has not sponsored any pro-Israel bills, in June 2023 he formed part of a delegation from the National Conference of State Legislatures to Israel, organized by the America-Israel Friendship League and the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. During the visit, lawmakers were encouraged to adopt the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) Working Definition of Antisemitism, which classifies certain criticisms of Israel as “antisemitism;” bills adopting this definition have been passed in 31 states following ALEC’s model policy. |
 Sen. Kathy L. Chism (R-3): Kathy L. Chism has been a state senator since 2020. In 2024, she co-sponsored SB2226, a bill extending the repeal date of the 2019 anti-BDS bill. Chism has attended ALEC events with corporate lobbyists and signed two ALEC letters in 2020 regarding Covid restrictions and in support of the confirmation of Amy Coney Barrett to the U.S. Supreme Court. Chism has also met with right-wing, pro-Israel, and ALEC-affiliated organizations such as the Alliance Defending Freedom and the MCPP. |
 Rep. Fred Shanks (R-60): Shanks has been a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives since 2018. He appears to have a close relationship with Koch Industries and the MMA, as well as with ALEC, attending an ALEC luncheon in 2020, and signing a letter published by ALEC in 2018 urging the U.S. Senate to confirm Judge Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. In 2024, Shanks co-sponsored the latest bill attempting to repeal the date of the 2019 anti-BDS bill. |
 Rep. Larry Byrd (R-104): Member of Mississippi’s House of Representatives since 2008, Byrd was a co-sponsor of HR1 in 2013 and of the 2019 anti-BDS bill. He has been affiliated with ALEC since 2018 and frequently meets with ALEC-affiliated groups in Mississippi, namely Empower Mississippi and the MCPP. Byrd also frequently attends conservative meetings with Koch Industries’ lobbyists and is a major recipient of their campaign contributions. |
 Sen. Joel R. Carter (R-49): Carter has been a state senator since 2018; that same year, he became a member of ALEC and met with MCPP lobbyists in 2019. In 2024, Carter signed a letter published by ALEC affirming support for Israel and condemning Hamas. He forms part of Mississippi’s Gulf Coast Chamber of Commerce along with military contractors such as General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, and Ingalls Shipbuilding. Besides receiving campaign donations from Koch Industries, Carter has also received contributions directly from Huntington Ingalls and other corporations with indirect interests in Israel, such as Chevron and General Motors. |
 Rep. Lester Carpenter (R-1): Since becoming a state representative in 2008, Carpenter has sponsored multiple bills supporting Israel: HR1 in 2013, the resolution urging the federal government to relocate the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem in 2017, and a bill in 2018 authorizing excess state funds to be invested in Israel-issued bonds. Carpenter has had known ties to ALEC since 2018 and has a close relationship with Koch Industries, Empower MS, and Caterpillar, Inc., as seen in his lobbying and campaign finance reports. |
 Rep. Rob Roberson (R-43): Roberson was a state representative from 1998-2003 and returned to the House in 2016. In 2017, he co-sponsored two bills in support of Israel: the first anti-BDS bill introduced in Mississippi’s legislature (HB651) and the concurrent resolution urging the President to move the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem. Although there is no direct evidence that Roberson is a member of ALEC, he was one of the co-sponsors of a bill attempting to penalize protests against fossil fuel infrastructure, seemingly modeled after ALEC’s “Critical Infrastructure Bill.” Roberson also attended a lunch with ALEC representatives in 2020, and his 2015 campaign saw a large proportion of contributions from Empower MS. Furthermore, Roberson meets frequently with lobbyists from Koch Industries, BSS Global, and industry chambers such as the MMA, Panola Partnership, and the JCEDF. |
 Rep. Mark Tullos (R-79): Tullos has been a House Representative since 2016 and a known member of ALEC since 2016. Tullos also co-sponsored HC12 in 2017, urging the President to relocate the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem. His lobbying and campaign finance reports show frequent meetings with Koch Industries lobbyists, Empower MS, and the MCPP. |
 Sen. Scott DeLano (R-50): DeLano has been a state senator since 2020 and was formerly a state representative from 2010-19. As representative, he co-sponsored HR1 in 2013 and has been a member of ALEC since 2018. Delano has received large corporate contributions from Chevron, Koch Industries, General Motors, and the MMA; additionally, he has met with their lobbyists and those from Bollinger Shipyards, MCPP, Panola Partnership, Empower Mississippi, the JCEDF, and the Koch-affiliated advocacy group Americans for Prosperity. |
 Sen. Rita Potts Parks (R-4): A state senator since 2012, Potts Parks has been an ALEC member since at least 2018 and co-sponsored a Senate resolution commending Israel for its beneficial relationship with Mississippi in 2013. She frequently meets with lobbyists and receives donations from the MMA, Chevron, and Caterpillar; she has also met with lobbyists from the MCPP and was a co-sponsor of Senate Bill 2536, a trans sports ban promoted by the conservative think tank. |
 Rep. Steve Massengill (R-13): Massengill has been a state representative since 2012 and has been co-sponsor of two pro-Israel bills: in 2013, he co-sponsored HR1 and, in 2017, he co-sponsored the House resolution urging the President to relocate the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem. Massengill has no known ties to ALEC, but he meets frequently with lobbyists from Koch Industries and from industry chambers such as the JCEDF and Panola Partnership. |
 Rep. Bill Pigott (R-99): Pigott has been a House member since 2008 and has only co-sponsored one pro-Israel resolution in 2013 along with a larger group of legislators, namely HR1. Pigott has been a member of ALEC since at least 2018 and frequently meets with ALEC-affiliated organizations, such as the MCPP and Empower Mississippi. |
 Rep. John Read (R-112): Read has been a state representative since 1993 and a known member of ALEC since 2018. He also co-sponsored HR1 in 2013. Read’s campaigns have been financed by various pro-Israel corporations or ALEC-affiliated groups such as Empower Mississippi, Chevron, and Koch Industries, as well as military contractors Huntington Ingalls, the MMA, and Jerry St. Pé, former board member of the Aerospace Alliance. His lobbying forms also show his relationship with military contractors (for instance, VT Halter Marine, a subsidiary of Bollinger Shipyards) and industry chambers representing them, as well as his relationship with Koch Industries and the ALEC-affiliated MCPP. |
 Sen. Dean Kirby (R-30): Kirby has been a state senator since 1992. In 2023, he co-sponsored a concurrent resolution celebrating Israel’s 75th anniversary of independence. Kirby is a known member of ALEC and attended the 2019 annual meeting as well as their Mississippi State Night Dinner that same year. He has received campaign donations from Chevron, Baker Donelson, and Koch Industries, and frequently meets lobbyists from the MMA, Chevron, and Panola Partnership. |
 Rep. Randy Rushing (R-78): Since joining Mississippi’s House of Representatives in 2012, Rushing has been a known member of ALEC. In 2013, he co-sponsored HR1. Rushing met with Empower MS and MCPP lobbyists frequently from 2012-17 and more recent lobbying reports show he attends Republican caucuses held by Koch Industries. Rushing has also met with and received significant donations directly from military contractor Raytheon (now RTX). |
 Sen. Dennis DeBar Jr. (R-43): DeBar was a state representative from 2012-15 and has been a state senator since 2016. As state representative in 2013, he co-sponsored HR1; as a senator, in 2018, he joined ALEC. He is also a frequent recipient of campaign contributions from ALEC-affiliated Empower MS and from Koch Industries. |
 Rep. Rodney Hall (R-20): Hall was elected to Mississippi’s House of Representatives in 2024. Before that, he was in the Mississippi National Guard and served as an infantry officer during two tours in the Middle East. Hall received significant contributions to his campaigns from the President of United States Marine, Barry Dreyfus, and military contractors such as Huntington Ingalls. His campaign also saw contributions from BGR Group and BSS Global, both lobbying firms led by powerful politicians in Mississippi with ties to Israel and, more significantly, from Empower Mississippi, which gave over 5,000 USD in 2023. In 2023, Hall won ALEC’s “50 Under 50” leadership award. |
 Rep. Brent Powell (R-59): Powell has been a member of Mississippi’s House of Representatives since 2013 and co-sponsored HR1 in 2013, commending Mississippi’s relationship with Israel. Although weaker, his ties with ALEC are evidenced by his attendance at ALEC’s “State Night Dinner” with corporate lobbyists in 2019 and other lobbying meetings with the MCPP. |
 Rep. C. Scott Bounds (R-44): Bounds has been a state representative since 2004 and was a co-sponsor of HR1 in 2013. His ties to ALEC are noticeable from his attendance at ALEC’s Mississippi State Night Dinner and ALEC’s reimbursement of expenses after attending its 2020 Annual Conference. Bounds also meets regularly with Koch Industry lobbyists at conservative/Republican gatherings and is a frequent recipient of their donations. |
 Rep. Dan Eubanks (R-25): Eubanks has been a state representative and member of ALEC since 2016. Eubanks has received more than 38,000 USD from Empower Mississippi to finance his campaigns, more than any other member of Mississippi’s legislature. Besides Empower MS, Eubanks also frequently meets with MCPP, Koch Industries, and MMA lobbyists. |
 Rep. Joey Hood (R-35): Hood has been a member of the House since 2012 and a member of ALEC since at least 2018. In 2013, he was also co-sponsor of HR1. Hood’s campaigns have been funded by the MMA, Koch Industries, and Empower MS, and he has also received large contributions from Chevron and Huntington Ingalls. In 2021, Hood met with lobbyists from former Governor Phil Bryant’s lobbying firm, Bryant Songy Snell. |
 Rep. Ken Morgan (R-100): Morgan has been a state representative since 2007 and co-sponsored HR1 in 2013. He has been affiliated with ALEC since 2016 and frequently meets with Koch Industries lobbyists. |
 Rep. Randy P. Boyd (R-19): Boyd has been a state representative since 2012. Since then, he regularly meets with MCPP and Koch Industries lobbyists, the latter also being frequent campaign donors. Boyd was also a co-sponsor of HR1 in 2013 and has been a known ALEC member since 2018. |
 Sen. David Parker (R-2): Parker has been a state senator since 2013; that same year, he co-sponsored SC562 commending Israel for its relationship with Mississippi. Although it is unknown if Parker forms part of ALEC, he has attended ALEC events and has met with MCPP and Empower MS lobbyists, as well as lobbyists from industry chambers representing arms manufacturers and Koch-affiliated groups. |
 Rep. Price Wallace (R-77): A member of the Mississippi House since 2018, Wallace joined ALEC in 2019 and has attended their annual meetings and policy summits since then. Wallace also meets frequently at Republican events with Koch Industries lobbyists. |
 Sen. Brice Wiggins (R-52): Wiggins has been a state senator since 2012. Although Wiggins has no direct links with ALEC except meeting with MCPP lobbyists twice, he has been a recipient of large donations from arms manufacturers and other companies with indirect interests in Israel, such as Huntington Ingalls, the MMA, and Chevron, frequently meeting with the latter’s lobbyists. The close relationship with the industry probably stems from the fact that Wiggins’ wife worked at a defense company acquired by Huntington Ingalls. |
Private Players
Policy
 American Legislative Exchange Council The American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) is a Virginia-based non-profit organization that brings together Republican state legislators and corporate lobbyists in order to create model legislation for statehouses across the country. The organization defines its core principles as “limited government, free markets, and federalism.” Besides big corporate donors, The Center for Media and Democracy found that the conservative Bradley Family Foundation was the top contributor to ALEC between 2017-21, followed by Charles Koch, the Charles Koch Institute, and the Searle Freedom Trust, whose money comes from the G.D. Searle pharmaceutical company. Koch Government Affairs also has a representative on their corporate board. ALEC has played a key role in promoting anti-Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) legislation since as early as 2015. Another key partner of ALEC is its “sister organization,” the billionaire-funded State Policy Network, which connects conservative think tanks and lobby groups focusing on state-level policy. In Mississippi, the State Policy Network lobbies through the organizations Empower Mississippi and the Mississippi Center for Public Policy. American Legislative Exchange Council, “About ALEC,” alec.org/about. David Armiak, “ALEC’s Funding Revealed,” Center for Media and Democracy, 25 July 2023, www.exposedbycmd.org/2023/07/25/alecs-funding-revealed. American Legislative Exchange Council, “Private Enterprise Advisory Council,” alec.org/group/private-enterprise-advisory-council-2. Paul Abowd, “Koch-funded charity passes money to free-market think tanks in states,” NBC News, 14 February 2013, www.nbcnews. |
 Koch Government Affairs and Koch Industries Owned by Charles and David Koch, Koch Industries is an enormous conglomerate of enterprises with a wide range of interests. The Koch brothers are well known funders of the most prominent right-wing organizations in the U.S., including those with direct links to pro-Israel movements and bills, such as ALEC. Koch Government Affairs is the lobbying arm of of Koch Industries, Inc. The Israeli subsidiary of Koch Industries is Koch Disruptive Technologies, led by Eli Groner (former Director General of the Office of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu). In Mississippi, Koch Government Affairs holds various conservative meetings and caucuses during the year for Republican legislators. Sophie Shulman, “Interview: The Koch empire’s man in Israel who has unlimited funds to invest in tech,” CTech, 16 October 2020, www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0,7340,L-3861071,00.html. |
 Americans for Prosperity This conservative political advocacy group is affiliated with the Koch family, serving as its primary political advocacy group, and has expressed its support for Israel. Robert Maguire, “Americans for Prosperity Helped Churn Koch-Linked Money,” OpenSecrets, 15 November 2013, www.opensecrets.org/news/2013/11/americans-for-prosperity-helped-churn-koch-linked-money.Casey Mattox, “Battle over speech rights and cancel culture in the wake of war,” Americans for Prosperity, 26 October 2023, americansforprosperity.org/blog/battle-over-speech-rights-and-cancel-culture-in-the-wake-of-war. |
 Mississippi Center for Public Policy (MCPP) This conservative think tank was formerly known as the Mississippi Family Council. It is associated with the State Policy Network, a network of right-wing think tanks that collaborate with ALEC and its funders, giving many of ALEC’s model bills “academic legitimacy” and acting as its local lobbying arm. The MCPP is ardently pro-Israel. Its CEO, Douglas Carswell, is a former member of parliament in the UK and co-founded the Vote Leave Brexit referendum campaign. Moreover, board director Arty Finkelberg (also managing director of Finkelberg Investments of Raymond James), is a current board member of the Jackson Jewish Federation, an organization that provides little information other than its links with the Beth Israel Congregation in Jackson. The Center for Media and Democracy, “Mississippi Center for Public Policy,” www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Mississippi_Center_for_Public_Policy#MCPP_Hosts_ALEC_and_Anti-LGBTQ_Hate_Group_ADF.The Center for Media and Democracy, “State Policy Network,” www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=State_Policy_Network.Douglas Carswell, “Atrocities in Israel – how should America respond?” Mississippi Center for Public Policy, mspolicy.org/atrocities-in-israel-how-should-america-respond.Mississippi Center for Public Policy, “Our Team,” mspolicy.org/staff/douglas-carswell.Mississippi Center for Public Policy, “Board of Directors,” mspolicy.org/about/board-of-directors. |
 Empower Mississippi and Empower PAC Empower Mississippi is an associated member of the State Policy Network, which supports ALEC model bills through lobbying and campaign financing. Its founder and CEO, Grant Callen, formerly worked as director of development at the Mississippi Center for Public Policy (MCPP) and its senior advisor, Forest Thigpen, founded MCPP and worked for Americans for Prosperity. The Center for Media and Democracy, “Empower Mississippi,” www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Empower_Mississippi. State Policy Network, “Empower Mississippi,” spn.org/organization/empower-mississippi-foundation.Empower Mississippi, “Grant Callen,” empowerms.org/person/grant-callen. Empower Mississippi, “Forest Thigpen,” empowerms.org/person/forest-thigpen. |
 Bryant Songy Snell (BSS Global) BSS Global is former Mississippi Governor Phil Bryant’s lobbying firm. As governor, Bryant was particularly active in promoting Mississippi-Israel relations, organizing the “Governor’s Business Summit: Israel Meets Mississippi” in 2015 alongside the Consulate General of Israel to the Southeast, meeting with Prime Minister Netanyahu in 2016 in Israel while heading a trade delegation, and even winning the “Distinguished Leadership Award” in the Jerusalem Leaders Summit for his efforts to “strengthen the Israel-U.S. partnership” in 2018, where he boasted of his efforts in preventing the boycott of Israeli companies and the promotion of Mississippi’s anti-BDS bill. Consulate General of Israel in Atlanta, “Governor’s Business Summit: Israel Meets Mississippi,” 27 April 2015, embassies.gov.il/atlanta/NewsAndEvents/Pages/Governor’s-Business-Summit-Israel-Meets-Mississippi.aspx. Adam Ganucheau, “Bryant meets with Israel’s prime minister,” Mississippi Today, 1 December 2016, mississippitoday.org/2016/12/01/bryant-meets-with-israels-prime-minister. Israel Kasnett, “Mississippi unites with Israel at Jerusalem Leaders Summit,” Jewish News Syndicate, 5 December 2018, www.jns.org/mississippi-unites-with-israel-at-jerusalem-leaders-summit. |
 BGR Group (formerly Barbour Company, LLC) BGR Group is the lobbying firm of former Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour, who met with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu in 2011 on a trip to Israel payed for by the Republican Jewish Coalition. Former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak forms part of the advisory board of BGR Group. The Ticket, “Haley Barbour headed to Israel to meet with Netanyahu,” Yahoo! News, 1 February 2011, news.yahoo.com/news/blogs/ticket/haley-barbour-headed-israel-meet-netanyahu-20110201-104506-990.html. BGR Group, “BGR Advisory Board,” bgrdc.com/about-bgr/#advisoryBoard. |
 Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz (Baker Donelson) Co-founded by former President Ronald Reagan’s chief of staff, Howard H. Baker, Baker Donelson is one of the largest law and lobbying firms in the Southeastern U.S. Baker Donelson and its shareholder Howard L. Sollins have hosted networking events with Israeli tech companies, cybersecurity forums with Israeli intelligence officials and cybersecurity firms, and hosted webinars with the minister of Economic and Trade Affairs of the Israeli Embassy in Washington. Retired U.S. Air Force General Carrol H. Chandler is an advisor in the Government Relations and Public Policy Group of Baker Donelson. Baker Donelson, “Israel Tech Update and Networking Event,” www.bakerdonelson.com/israel-tech-update-and-networking-event.Baker Donelson, “The Abraham Peace Accords: A Catalyst for International Business with Israel, UAE, Bahrain and Beyond,” www.bakerdonelson.com/the-abraham-peace-accords-a-catalyst-for-international-business-with-israel-uae-bahrain-and-beyond.Baker Donelson, “Cybersecurity Forum with Israel and the American South,” www.bakerdonelson.com/Cybersecurity-Forum-with-Israel-and-the-American-South-08-20-2015. |
 National Rifle Association (NRA) The NRA frequently sends delegations to Israel and cooperates with Israeli arms manufacturers and Israeli police for “crime prevention policies” and gun legislation. Daniel K. Eisenbud, “John Bolton: Israel can serve as a model for American security,” The Jerusalem Post, 7 November 2013, www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/John-Bolton-Israel-can-serve-as-a-model-for-American-security-330952#google_vignette.Bryan Schatz and Madison Pauly, “Now the NRA Wants to Arm Israeli Civilians,” Mother Jones, 20 October 2015, www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/10/heres-how-nra-cheerleading-israelis-lining-gun-shops. |
Industry
 Mississippi Manufacturers Association (MMA) The MMA is a non-profit chamber of commerce that represents the interests of manufacturing companies in Mississippi. Its board of directors includes representatives from various military contractors that have facilities in the state and which have been directly involved in providing arms or other important equipment to Israel, including Raytheon (RTX), Ingalls Shipbuilding (a subsidiary of Huntington Ingalls Industries), Caterpillar, Airbus, and Chevron. In 2015, then CEO of the MMA, Jay Moon, along with executives from Airbus Helicopters and Huntington Ingalls, formed part of former Gov. Phil Bryant’s trade delegation trip to Israel, where they met with Netanyahu. The MMA has a Government Affairs arm through which it lobbies at the local and federal level, as well as a PAC through which it donates to local candidates. Mississippi Manufacturers Association, “About Us / Board of Directors,” mma-web.org/About-Us/Board-of-Directors.Emily Wagster Pettus, “Miss. Governor leads trade delegation to Israel,” Clarion Ledger, 8 November 2015, www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2015/11/08/miss-governor-leads-trade-delegation-israel/75436388.Mississippi Manufacturers Association, “Services / Government Affairs,” mma-web.org/Services/Government-Affairs. |
 Jackson County Economic Development Foundation (JCEDF) This non-profit is a public-private partnership focused on attracting investment in Jackson County and representing the business interests of its members, which include major military contractors that have provided military equipment to Israel, such as Ingalls Shipbuilding, Bollinger Shipyards, Rolls Royce Naval Marine, and Northrop Grumman. JCEDF’s vice chairman, Jerry St. Pé, was president of Ingalls Shipbuilding from 1985–2011 and a board member of the Aerospace Alliance (another public-private partnership formed by the governors of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi in order to establish an aerospace corridor among their states). Other board members include Kari Wilkinson, executive vice president of Huntington Ingalls, and Jimmy Heidelberg, Jackson County Port Authority commissioner. Jackson County Economic Development Foundation, “Jackson County, Mississippi,” jcedf.org. Roy Hoffman, “Jerry St. Pe: From Pascagoula to the world,” Advance Local, 21 March 2010, www.al.com/live/2010/03/jerry_st_pe_from_pascagoula_to.html.The Aerospace Alliance, “About the Alliance,” aerospacealliance.com/about.Jackson County Economic Development Foundation, “Board of Directors,” jcedf.org/about. |
 Mississippi Economic Council (MEC) The MEC serves as Mississippi’s primary chamber of commerce. Military contractor Ingalls Shipbuilding is one of its “pinnacle members,” along with Chevron. Other “major supporters” include Airbus, Caterpillar, Northrop Grumman, and RTX (Raytheon), and the Chair’s Council includes representatives from Aerojet Rocketdyne, Baker Donelson, Bollinger Mississippi Shipbuilding, and Lockheed Martin. Former Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour has also worked as a lobbyist for the MEC. Mississippi Economic Council, “MEC Pinnacle Members,” msmec.com/who-we-are/major-supporters.See: MEC 2023 lobbying form, https://lobbying.sos.ms.gov/elec/Config/Mississippi/Elections/page/lobbyist-search/ExecuteWorkflow.aspx?WorkflowId=g20ed783c-6cb0-4ff2-8d43-5fa1e3be538d&FilingId=09BBE169-DC99-46B0-9A9F-696C830F2FCF&GetReport=3. |
 Panola Partnership, Inc. Panola Partnership is the chamber of commerce of Panola County. Major military contractor GE Aviation is a member of this non-profit. Panola Partnership, “Chamber of Commerce,” panolacounty.com/chamber-of-commerce/#commerce-join. |
 Caterpillar, Inc. Caterpillar makes civil and military engineering machinery at a manufacturing and logistics center in Mississippi. The company is famously a long-standing supplier of the Israeli military and its machines have been widely used for the demolition of homes in the occupied West Bank, making it one of the main targets of the BDS movement. During former Governor Bryant’s visit to Israel in December 2018, he claimed to have “addressed the efforts” to boycott companies that do business in Israel and assured Caterpillar that it would not have to stop selling equipment to Israel thanks to Mississippi’s anti-BDS bill. Besides being represented by industry chambers such as the MEC, Caterpillar has its own PAC and lobbying arm through which it frequently meets with legislators. Who Profits Research Center, “Caterpillar,” www.whoprofits.org/companies/company/3772.Israel Kasnett, “Mississippi unites with Israel at Jerusalem Leaders Summit,” Jewish News Syndicate, 5 December 2018, www.jns.org/mississippi-unites-with-israel-at-jerusalem-leaders-summit. |
 Chevron Although it is unlikely that the company would lobby at the local level to secure them, Chevron has direct interests in Israel, as it is the owner of two offshore natural gas reservoirs there: Leviathan (39.6% interest) and Tamar (25% interest). Chevron Israel, “Out projects in Israel,” israel.chevron.com/en/our-businesses. |
Military Contractors and Business Interests (General)
| Military Contractors (General) Other military contractors with their own PAC through which they conduct intensive direct lobbying in Mississippi (not mediated through industry chambers) include Huntington Ingalls and its subsidiary Ingalls Shipbuilding; Bollinger Shipyards and its subsidiary VT Halter Marine; and, to a lesser extent, United States Marine, Inc. These companies supply military equipment from Mississippi to Israel directly: in August 2023, Bollinger Shipyards delivered two landing craft vessels to the Israeli Navy, funded by the U.S. Government under the Foreign Military Financing (FMF) program after a contract signed between the Israeli Ministry of Defense and VT Halter Marine. The delivery ceremony took place at the company’s Pascagoula shipyard in Mississippi with the presence of Israeli Naval Base Commander Tal Politis. Huntington Ingalls has historically manufactured Israel’s Sa’ar 5-class corvettes in Pascagoula; in June 2024, the Israeli Defense Forces’ Navy received a new landing ship also built by Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula. According to the Jewish Virtual Library, United States Marine, Inc., headquartered in Gulfport, Mississippi, has been one of the companies that has benefited from more than $750,000 in FMF to provide material for the IDF. Yusuf Cetiner, “Israeli Navy Receives the INS Nahshon Landing Craft From The US,” Overt Defense, 14 August 2023, www.overtdefense.com/2023/08/14/israeli-navy-receives-the-ins-nahshon-landing-craft-from-the-us.Transportation Research Board, “First Israeli Sa’ar 5 Corvette Launched at Ingalls,” trid.trb.org/View/443958.“Strategic IDF Navy ship ‘Komemiyut’ arrives in Israel,” The News of Israel, www.newsofisrael.com/israel/2024-06-19/idf-navys-new-landing-ship-komemiyut-arrives-in-haifa.Jewish Virtual Library, “State-to-State Cooperation: Mississippi and Israel,” www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/mississippi-israel-cooperation. |
| Business Interests (General) Less direct interests in promoting pro-Israel legislation stem from corporations with a business interest in Israel and activities in Mississippi. These include, primarily, defense contractors such as Airbus, Huntington Ingalls, RTX, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman, as well as corporations such as General Motors and Chevron. As seen below, most of these corporations influence legislators by lobbying and making campaign contributions through industry chambers. This makes it difficult to track the involvement and interest of specific companies in this type of legislation, especially considering that many of them are more reliant on federal contracts and legislation and therefore most invested in federal lobbying. However, there may be an active interest in legislation sanctioning the BDS movement at the state level. |
Pro-Israel Bills
Chart of Bills
| Bill | Description | Year | Sponsors | Status |
| HB768 | Extend repeal date of 2019 Israel Support Act | 2024 | Fred Shanks, Shane Aguirre | Died in committee |
| SB2226 | Extend repeal date of 2019 Israel Support Act (anti-BDS bill) | 2024 | Josh Harkins, Robin Robinson, Kathy Chism, Joey Fillingane, Jeremy England, Angela Burks Hills, Jennifer Branning, Michael McLendon, Tyler McCaughin | Signed by Governor |
| HB1212 | Remove limit on maximum amount of investment made in bonds issued by Israel | 2024 | Lee Yancey | Died in committee |
| SC571 | Concurrent Resolution celebrating 75th anniversary of independence of the state of Israel; declares Mississippi an “unequivocal supporter of the state of Israel and its right to defend itself against terror” | 2023 | Dean Kirby, Juan Barnett, Jeremy England, Hilman Frazier, Tyler McCaughn | Adopted |
| HC53 | Concurrent Resolution celebrating 75th anniversary of independence of the State of Israel | 2023 | Thomas Reynolds | Adopted |
| HB761 | Israel Support Act of 2019 (anti-BDS bill) | 2019 | Donnie Bell, Greg Snowden, Henry Zuber, William Arnold, Larry Byrd, Thomas Reynolds, Patricia Willis | Signed by Governor |
| SB2051 | Amendment to MS Code of 1972 to include bonds issues by Israel in the investment options for excess state funds | 2018 | Joey Fillingane | Signed by Governor |
| HB747 | Amendment to MS Code of 1972 to include bonds issued by Israel in the investment options for excess state funds | 2018 | Henry Zuber, Greg Snowden, Jeffrey Smith, Lester Carpenter | Died in Committee |
| HB837 | Anti-BDS Bill | 2018 | Donnie Bell, Greg Snowden, Margaret Rogers | Died in House |
| HB651 | Anti-BDS Bill | 2017 | Donnie Bell, Rob Roberson, Greg Snowden | Died in Committee |
| HC12 | Concurrent resolution to urge the U.S. president to begin the process of relocating the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem | 2017 | Donnie Bell, Lester Carpenter, Rob Roberson, Jerry Turner, William Arnold, Mark Formby, Greg Snowden, Shane Aguirre, Andy Gipson, Jody Steverson, Nick Bain, Steve Massengill, Mark Tullos | Died in Committee |
| SB2467 | Amendment to MS Code of 1972 to include bonds issued by Israel in the investment options for excess general and special state funds | 2017 | Joey Fillingane | Died in Committee |
| SB2807 | Enactment of Iran Divestment Act of 2015 | 2015 | Nancy Adams Collins, Phillip Gandy | Died on Calendar |
| HB1127 | Iran Divestment Act of 2015 | 2015 | Jerry Turner, Deborah Butler Dixon | Signed by Governor |
| HR1 | Resolution commending Israel for its mutually beneficial relationship with the U.S. and with the state of MS | 2013 | Gary Chism, Manly Barton, Randy Boyd, Lester Carpenter, Scott DeLano, Mark Formby, Bobby Howell, Hank Lott, Doug McLeod, Ken Morgan, John Read, Jeffrey Smith, Jerry Turner, Brent Powell, William Arnold, Charles Beckett, Chris Brown, Carolyn Crawford, William Denny, Andy Gipson, Mac Huddleston, Bennet Malone, Tom Miles, Pat Nelson, Ray Rogers, Gary Staples, Jessica Upshaw, Jason White, Nick Bain, Donnie Bell, Charles Busby, Becky Currie, Blaine Eaton, Frank Hamilton, Wanda Jennings, Rita Martinson, Sam Mims, Brad Oberhousen, Randal Rushing, Jody Steverson, Tom Weathersby, Mark Baker, Scott Bounds, Larry Byrd, Dennis DeBar, Michael Evans, Joey Hood, John Lamar, Steve Massengill, John Moore, Bill Pigott, William Shirley, Tommy Taylor, Henry Zuber | Adopted |
| SC562 | Resolution Commending Israel for its mutually beneficial relationship with the U.S. and with the state of MS | 2013 | Terry Brown, Angela Burks Hill, William Longwitz, David Parker, Rita Potts Parks, Nancy Adams Collins, Phillip Gandy, Kelvin Butler, Derrick Simmons, Eugene Clarke, Michael Watson, Videt Carmichael, Sampson Jackson, Terry Burton, Sally Doty, Robert Jackson, Chris Massey | Adopted |
| Amendment to SC562 | Specifying Israel’s 1948 borders | 2013 | Hob Bryan | Failed |
| SC653 | Concurrent Resolution recognizing the special economic and historical friendship between the state of MS and Israel and to encourage trade | 2008 | Ezell Lee, Billy Hewes, Joey Fillingane, Merle Flowers, Nolan Mettetal, Doug Davis, Videt Carmichael, Eugene Clarke, Thomas King, Tommy Moffatt, Lee Yancey, Cindy Hyde-Smith, Terry Burton, Bob Dearing, Hillman Terome Frazier | Adopted |